Architectural design is of great importance in the development of modern infrastructure. The design of buildings is developed in accordance with the needs and capabilities of humanity. The structure of buildings must meet modern technologies to exclude their moral structure.
The initial stage of any construction is the architectural design procedure. The project allows you to create an image of the future building and calculate the exact amount of materials. The durability of the house and the comfort of living in it depend on the correctness of the project. An illiterately developed project can lead to disastrous consequences and unnecessary waste of money. Such types of work should be carried out exclusively by employees of licensed companies.
Architectural design of buildings consists of several stages. Depending on the type and purpose of the object, the stages may differ, but in general they are identical. First, specialists analyze the object, assess the feasibility of the building, compliance with the existing architectural style. The customer is checked for a package of documents for the right to carry out construction activities. Engineering surveys must be carried out. During the procedure, the man-made and natural state of the site are determined. Based on the survey, the engineer decides on the location of the building on the ground, the depth of the foundation, the location of utility lines and other utility lines.
At the next stage, a sketch of the future building is created. The developed sketch will form the basis for creating a working project. The specialist will be engaged in the preparation of the working project. The project must contain the location of the sewerage system, water supply, heating, ventilation and other communications. Along with the working project, accompanying documentation is drawn up, which indicates the drawings and diagrams of the structural features of the building.
After this, the customer needs to approve the created project. If the project does not suit the client, it is adjusted. The working project and documentation must comply with current legislation and regulations and be approved by the established authorities.
Advantages of contacting specialists for architectural design:
– specialists are highly qualified;
– knowledge of current regulations and recommendations;
– use of modern design methods;
– the ability to implement any idea;
– high quality of the result.
An architectural project is a set of construction documents that represent the implementation of the concept of a future building, its external and internal appearance, together with the design documentation necessary for its construction.

Architectural design is a section of design that is carried out with the participation of specialists – architects, designers, engineers. Such specialists are not present in every design organization, therefore, when choosing a design organization for architectural design, you should carefully study the staff of the contracting organization and the competencies of the specialists in it.

An architectural project is the basis for obtaining a building permit. Without architectural design of the future building, its legal implementation becomes impossible.

An architectural project is the first stage of design, which is the basis for design documentation and the developed working documentation. Architectural design is necessary for the development of urban planning drawings, for the development of drawings of internal and external engineering systems, as well as the developed drawings of the building frame structures. Architects develop projects for both new construction (new building), and redevelopment, reconstruction, major repairs of an existing building.

Technical assignment

At the initial stage of architectural design, each architect or designer must have a clear idea of ​​the designed object, as the customer sees it. To do this, the customer is required to provide a well-reasoned, competently drawn up technical assignment, reflecting the main characteristics of the designed architectural object, its type, affiliation, and budget for its construction.

It must contain the main requirements for the designed object:

purpose of the building;

number of floors;

number of rooms, premises;

total area;

purpose of premises;

area of ​​each room;

materials of supporting structures;

height of one floor;

type, shape of roof;

total height of the building;

need to create balconies, verandas, terraces;

height of the basement;

facade and interior facing materials;

style of the facade and interior premises;

the presence of additional decorative and structural elements.

The architect must agree in advance with the customer on the design of the architectural object, the area of ​​the interior spaces, the footage and then, based on this data, make the appropriate calculations. The more detailed information about the designed architectural object is indicated in the technical specifications, them a higher quality and more detailed architectural project will be the result. Therefore, an equally important aspect of architectural design is the conduct of pre-project surveys on the ground.

These can be geodetic, geological, hydrological, topographic surveys, collecting information from municipal authorities and owners of communications, etc. Only by fully assessing the situation presented on the territory of the future architectural object, can the future architectural project be correctly placed on the ground, taking into account all possible nuances.

Sketch architectural project

After collecting all the necessary information for the design, each architect evaluates the data obtained, compares them with the requirements of the technical specifications and begins to implement the sketch of the future architectural project.

The sketch project is intended to display the main aspects of the architectural project – its style, concept, external and internal appearance, placement on the ground, the technologies and materials used for construction, a preliminary estimate of the cost of construction.

The draft design can be presented in the form of a graphic, text part, as well as in the form of a presentation, 3D visualization, animation and other methods of carrying information.

At this stage of architectural design, all design decisions are approved, the so-called dialogue between the architect and the customer takes place, during which adjustments can be made to the further project.

The draft architectural design is the personification of the future building. It should be as close to reality as possible, all the main points should be reflected in it. Detailed elaboration is not provided at this stage of design, but nevertheless, all the nuances of the future architectural object should also be discussed.

The main sections developed as a result of architectural design:

title page
contents (list of project drawings)
explanatory note
main construction indicators
master plan
list of facade finishing
facades
facade color scheme
floor masonry plans
finishing plans
floor explication
list of room finishing
roof plan
main sections of the designed structure
specifications for filling window and door openings
architectural solutions for stairs, entrance groups
details, units, fragments
drawings of author’s elements

The architectural project consists of text and graphic parts. The text part (explanatory note) may contain various calculations, references to the conducted research, characteristics of the designed architectural object, information about the construction site.

Facades

Architectural design includes the development of solutions for the appearance and finishing of the facades of the designed architectural object.

The facade of a building is the external walls of the structure with all the accompanying architectural elements and decorative finishing.

There are 4 types of facades in architectural design:

The main facade is the side of the building where the main entrance is located, sometimes it coincides with the street.

Front or street – the side of the designed building that is visible from the street, that is, the one that faces the roadway.

Yard or park – the side of the building opposite the street side.

Side – located on the side of the main or front facade.

The facade can be decorated with various architectural decorative elements – columns, balustrades, sandriks, bas-reliefs, cornices, if the style laid down in the project implies this.

Modern architectural projects involve the following types of facades:

– Brick.

– Wooden.

– Stone.

– Concrete.

Facade finishing can be “wet” and “dry”.

“Wet” facades include:

– Plastered.

– Tiled.

– Finished with natural or artificial stone.

Dry facade finishing, when cladding is applied using a frame and fasteners, includes:

– Fiber cement boards.

– Natural stone tiles.

– Block house or lining.

– PVC panels

– Siding.

– Curtain ventilated facade.

In architectural design, facades are a very important part of the project, they set the general style of the entire designed architectural object. This section of the project must be well thought out and developed, because it represents the appearance of the future project. The appearance of the designed architectural object must fit into the urban environment, but at the same time distinguish the designed building from other similar buildings. Often, the appearance of the building should represent the idea and purpose of the entire designed structure.

Space-planning solutions of an architectural project

Architectural design cannot do without rationally developed planning solutions inside the building, on which the logistics of the entire designed structure will depend.

The initial data for the development of space-planning architectural projects of solutions are:

state standards, norms, rules and government regulations;
result

results of engineering surveys;
functional purpose of the object;
climatic and seismic characteristics of the area;
budget size;
technical assignment.

The section on space-planning solutions in architectural design should consist of text and graphic parts.

The text part substantiates the feasibility of adopting a specific scheme of space-planning solutions, describes in detail the layout of the premises, composition, area and dimensions of the premises of the future architectural object. To calculate the area of ​​a particular room, the architect can be guided by the dimensions specified in the regulatory documentation. The explanatory note of the architectural project should include a justification for the planning solutions from the point of view of fire safety requirements, sanitary and hygienic requirements, heat and noise protection, waterproofing and vapor insulation, vibration protection, reducing the overall level of gas contamination of the premises and maintaining a safe mode of electromagnetic radiation. The text part contains the characteristics of the structures of the main elements of the architectural object – walls, floors, roofing, suspended ceilings, partitions, floors. The methods of finishing the premises are considered. A list of measures necessary to protect building structures from atmospheric destruction, hazardous man-made factors and natural emergencies is provided.

The graphic part of the architectural project should contain floor plans and sections of the building, an explication of the premises, specifications, facade drawings with a description of finishing materials, roof plans, ceilings, coverings, and foundations. Axes, elevation marks for floors, ceilings, roofs and other structural elements are indicated. If necessary, fragments of plans and sections of the building, drawings of individual elements are constructed.

Finishing solutions

One of the most important elements that make up the architectural project are the finishing solutions of the designed architectural object.

Since the architectural project pays great attention to the style of the entire designed architectural object, great attention is paid to the finishing solutions adopted in the project. They should reflect the general style of the architectural object and echo the style of the facades.

Architects lay down the main finishing indicators:

Wall materials, materials for finishing walls, floors and ceilings, layouts on walls, floors, specifications for ceilings, floor coverings, lighting, etc.

Modern finishing materials are so diverse that the use of certain finishing materials in an architectural project is limited by the architect’s imagination or the customer’s budget.

The interior finishing of the designed architectural objects, first of all, must fully correspond to the purpose of the premises. The interior finishing of buildings and premises may include such types of work as screeding and leveling of floors, leveling and finishing wall cladding with various materials (plaster, wallpaper, tiles, etc.), installation and fitting of suspended or stretch ceilings, laying of floor coverings (tiles, linoleum, laminate, parquet, etc.). As well as electrical installation work, plumbing installation and a number of other equally important works.

For interior finishing of any designed architectural object, it is necessary to include in the project only high-quality materials that have passed the appropriate tests and have quality certificates. The architectural project must contain recommendations on the technology of applying certain finishing materials, because only with correct application will there be no problems during further operation of the designed architectural object.

Design of roofs of architectural objects

The roof of a building is one of the most important elements of the entire future project. It carries not only an aesthetic load, but also has great construction significance. If the design and further construction of the roof are incorrect, difficulties in the further operation of the building, deformation of its structural elements (for example, when precipitation leaks), destruction of frame structures, etc. are possible.

Development of a roof project consists of the following main stages:

choice of technology;
selection of materials, including vapor, heat, waterproofing and the roofing itself;
detailed development of working and design documentation, including general data on the basis of which the roof design is carried out, as well as a list of working drawings with plans, sections, units and specifications.

In architectural design, roof design includes:

a sketch that gives a complete idea of ​​the design;
a detailed plan-drawing in several projections. Separate fragments of the drawings include ventilation pipes, roof windows, chimneys (if any), ventilation ducts and other elements requiring detailing;
an explanatory note to the drawings;
calculation of the amount of roofing material, shaped elements, fasteners;
calculation of materials for the roofing cake and sheathing;
calculation of dormer windows, ventilation

pipes, drainage systems, auxiliary roof structures – snow guards, stairs, etc.

General plan of the architectural object

The development of an architectural project always begins with the solution of the general plan of the designed structure. Subsequently, the drawings provide a detailed linkage of all buildings and structures planned for construction with each other, as well as with existing objects of the area, taking into account its relief and existing communications passing through this place.

The general plan is made on a topographic basis prepared at the stage of pre-project geodetic surveys. During the development, special attention is paid to existing and designed utility lines, their intersection and connection. If necessary, some cables, pipelines and structures falling within the construction zone are subject to dismantling or relocation.

The section “General Plan” includes the following drawings:

a situational plan on a scale of 1:10000, showing the location of the object relative to the boundaries of the city, district or residential development. This drawing must indicate the sanitary protection zone of the designed object, off-site power supply and water drainage routes;
layout plan with the distance between all buildings and structures;
relief organization plan (“vertical planning”) indicating slopes, rainwater flow paths, “red” and “black” marks of all objects;
landscaping and landscaping drawing of the territory;
earthworks cartogram;
summary plan of utility lines.

Architectural design involves linking all existing and designed utility lines, buildings, building elements with each other and “planting” the architectural design on the terrain; it is for these purposes that the general plan is developed.

Measures to protect the designed building from vibration, noise and other negative impacts

The architectural design must necessarily include measures to protect against negative impacts.

When developing design solutions for noise reduction, architectural planning and construction acoustic methods are used.

Architectural planning methods include:

– removing noise sources from objects protected from noise;

– orienting noise sources in the direction opposite to the objects protected from noise;

– concentrating noise sources in separate complexes on the territory of the object or in buildings;

– locating buildings and structures that are not noise sources between noise sources and objects protected from noise.

Construction and acoustic methods include:

– soundproofing of noisy equipment;

– using sound-absorbing structures;

– shielding of units and installations – noise sources;

– vibration and sound insulation;

– vibration damping.

The choice of noise reduction means, determining the need and feasibility of their use when placing various types of equipment on the territory of the designed object should be carried out on the basis of acoustic calculations.

Acoustic calculations to reduce noise levels at the designed object are performed in the following sequence:

– identifying noise sources and determining their noise characteristics;

– select design points on the territory of the protected object;

– determine the noise propagation paths from sources to design points and calculate the acoustic elements of the environment that affect the propagation of noise (screens, forest plantations, etc.);

– determine the expected noise level at design points and compare it with the permissible noise level;

– determine the required noise reduction.

Architectural projects are the embodiment of the general project for the construction, reconstruction or repair of buildings. They contain a text and graphic description of the external and internal appearance of the designed architectural object, a description of the functional characteristics and the method of organizing the space.

The architectural design of buildings and structures must be carried out in accordance with the design and urban planning standards, including in accordance with the urban development plan issued by the architectural authorities of the municipality. Architectural design is carried out by licensed organizations that have received SRO approval for design. Architectural projects are subject to mandatory verification in terms of compliance with standards and rules in expert organizations.

The architectural projects being implemented must correspond to modern trends in construction – use only modern, easily accessible and quickly installed materials and technologies in the project, have their own style, design and, most importantly, be comfortable in future use.